{ "proofs_version": 1, "manifest_id": "manifest-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-03d254d9", "sentence_count": 119, "classes": { "grounded": 91, "attributed": 27, "verbatim": 1 }, "proofs": [ { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The British archaeologist Arthur Evans discovered large numbers of clay tablets inscribed with an unknown script at Knossos in 1900.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1900", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "British", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Arthur Evans", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The two variants were given the names Linear A and B. It was clear that Linear A was the earlier type, much rarer and restricted to the island of Crete. The younger type B was found in significantly larger numbers and found at Knossos, Mycenae and Pylos.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "A second major archive came to light when the Mycenaean palace at Ano Englianos was discovered and a Linear B deposit uncovered at Pylos.[^src-ecampusontario-pressbooks-pub--261a73b0]", "source_ids": [ "src-ecampusontario-pressbooks-pub--261a73b0" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ano Englianos", "found_in": [ "src-ecampusontario-pressbooks-pub--261a73b0" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-ecampusontario-pressbooks-pub--261a73b0" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ecampusontario-pressbooks-pub--261a73b0" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-ecampusontario-pressbooks-pub--261a73b0" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "From the Linear B evidence it has been possible to reconstruct a reasonable hypothesis for the extent of the territory of Mycenaean Pylos (cf. e.g. Hope Simpson 2014). For the territories of Mycenae, Thebes and Dimini the data are not sufficient for more than rough estimates.", "quote_source": "src-ecampusontario-pressbooks-pub--261a73b0" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "Linear B, the younger form, appeared in larger numbers and at multiple sites on the mainland and on the island.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "\"The decipherment of Linear B opened up, and indeed created, a whole new branch of scholarship. It added about 500 years to our knowledge of Greek, catapulting our understanding of early Greek history and society back into the second millennium BC, to the end of the Bronze Age at about 1200BC,\" said Dr Torsten Meissner, organiser of today's conference.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "Linear B is a syllabic script: each of its roughly ninety signs represents a syllable, with phonetic signs encoding vowel or consonant-plus-vowel combinations, supplemented by numerical signs and pictographic ideograms.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f][^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f", "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f", "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "\"The decipherment of Linear B opened up, and indeed created, a whole new branch of scholarship. It added about 500 years to our knowledge of Greek, catapulting our understanding of early Greek history and society back into the second millennium BC, to the end of the Bronze Age at about 1200BC,\" said Dr Torsten Meissner, organiser of today's conference.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "Around seventy percent of Linear A symbols reappear in Linear B, though the two scripts record entirely different languages, and Linear A has not been deciphered.[^src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1]", "source_ids": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear A", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Carl Blegen was an important contributor, making the Linear B tablets he excavated at Pylos available to specialized scholars. In fact, his testing of Ventris' syllabary on the famous Tripod Tablet (PY Ta 641) definitively proved that Linear B recorded Greek.", "quote_source": "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The syllabic structure left no place for final consonants or initial sigmas, making certain sounds impossible to render, which in turn complicates translation and transliteration to this day.[^src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1]", "source_ids": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Carl Blegen was an important contributor, making the Linear B tablets he excavated at Pylos available to specialized scholars. In fact, his testing of Ventris' syllabary on the famous Tripod Tablet (PY Ta 641) definitively proved that Linear B recorded Greek.", "quote_source": "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "What preserved them was accident: the fires that destroyed the palace complexes baked the clay hard.[^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2]", "source_ids": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear A script is composed of at least 90 characters, which can be grouped into syllabic signs, ideograms, and symbols which denote numbers and fractions. In addition, monograms were made from the clustering of two or three symbols.", "quote_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The observation therefore rests on a single textual tradition rather than independent confirmation.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "Michael Ventris, a British architect who had developed an intense personal fascination with Linear B since encountering Knossos tablets as a schoolboy, announced on a BBC radio broadcast that the script recorded the Greek language.[^src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1][^src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1]", "source_ids": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1", "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Michael Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1", "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1", "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "British", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1", "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1", "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "BBC", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1", "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Carl Blegen was an important contributor, making the Linear B tablets he excavated at Pylos available to specialized scholars. In fact, his testing of Ventris' syllabary on the famous Tripod Tablet (PY Ta 641) definitively proved that Linear B recorded Greek.", "quote_source": "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "He had worked largely alone, circulating his findings in a series of work notes to leading scholars while pursuing his architectural career.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "The two variants were given the names Linear A and B. It was clear that Linear A was the earlier type, much rarer and restricted to the island of Crete. The younger type B was found in significantly larger numbers and found at Knossos, Mycenae and Pylos.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "His method assumed Mycenaean was an archaic form of Greek and employed statistical analysis.[^src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "In June 1952 he announced on British radio that he had deciphered the script and confirmed that the language was the earliest known form of Greek.", "quote_source": "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "By the time Ventris had published his first official account alongside John Chadwick, most Classical scholars had accepted the legitimacy of his claims.[^src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1]", "source_ids": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "John Chadwick", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Classical", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Carl Blegen was an important contributor, making the Linear B tablets he excavated at Pylos available to specialized scholars. In fact, his testing of Ventris' syllabary on the famous Tripod Tablet (PY Ta 641) definitively proved that Linear B recorded Greek.", "quote_source": "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The first scholarly publication appeared in the Journal of Hellenic Studies in 1953.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1953", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Hellenic Studies", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Journal", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "the first scholarly publication of the decipherment, which came out in the Journal of Hellenic Studies in 1953", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The comprehensive joint work, *Documents in Mycenaean Greek*, followed in 1956, within weeks of Ventris's death in a car accident.[^src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1956", "found_in": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Michael Ventris deciphered them about 50 years later", "quote_source": "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The decipherment extended knowledge of Greek by about five hundred years, pushing understanding of the language back into the second millennium BC.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "BC", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Then, on 1 June 1952, he sent around his Work Note 20 entitled, with typical modesty, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos tablets written in Greek?\". Building on earlier work, notably by the American scholar Alice Kober, he had - through a combination of sober considerations, the development of a rigorous methodology, the ingenious integration of clues of very different kinds, brilliant assumptions and pat", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "It allowed scholars, as one Cambridge conference account puts it, to place sites associated with legendary figures such as Nestor of Pylos and Agamemnon of Mycenae in a real administrative and political setting.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Nestor", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Agamemnon", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenae", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The two variants were given the names Linear A and B. It was clear that Linear A was the earlier type, much rarer and restricted to the island of Crete. The younger type B was found in significantly larger numbers and found at Knossos, Mycenae and Pylos.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "Many aspects of the Mycenaean world remain incompletely understood, however, including the relationships between different sites.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Many parts of the jigsaw that is the Mycenaean world are still missing \u2013 for example the relationships of the various sites with one another.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "Kober was, in the phrasing of one source, \"arguably the foremost scholar working on Aegean writing in the 1940s.\"[^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2] Working from 1947 until her death in 1950, she concluded that Linear B recorded an inflected language without knowing it recorded Greek, and she developed the phonetic grid methodology that made systematic hypothesis testing possible.[^src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1]", "source_ids": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2", "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1947", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "year", "value": "1950", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2", "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2", "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Aegean", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2", "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Working", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2", "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2", "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Around 70% of Linear A symbols reappear in the Linear B script of Mycenaean Greece.", "quote_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The source frames Ventris as the primary decipherer, describing the decipherment as \"achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris,\" without substantive discussion of the foundational work that preceded him.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Michael Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "British", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The decipherment was achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "The source describes the decipherment as \"achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris,\" without substantive discussion of her contribution.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Michael Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "British", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The decipherment was achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "They record the distribution of goods to manufacturing centers, land grants, military call-ups, and the deployment of warriors and rowers to coastal positions.[^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2]", "source_ids": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear A script is composed of at least 90 characters, which can be grouped into syllabic signs, ideograms, and symbols which denote numbers and fractions. In addition, monograms were made from the clustering of two or three symbols.", "quote_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "They document a stratified society including rulers, officials, priests, craftworkers, warriors, conscripted laborers, and slaves.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "They show that Mycenaean palaces managed specific manufacturing industries including textiles, bronze weapons and tools, armor, pottery, chariots, glass, and perfumes.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "They record religious offerings, a named festival calendar, and a priestly hierarchy.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "They are, as one analysis puts it, found solely at palatial sites and written from the point of view of palatial elites, and they do not offer a view of Mycenaean society as a whole.[^src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1]", "source_ids": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Despite the clear advantages the tablets offer for modern scholarship, they do not present a wholistic view of Mycenaean society, because they are found solely at Mycenaean palatial sites and written specifically from the point of view of palatial elites.", "quote_source": "src-journals-uvic-ca-index-php-cor-ae01aca1" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "They are also silent about diplomatic and political relations with other Bronze Age powers, recording instead the internal administration of Mycenaean kingdoms.[^src-mast-summer-seminar-report-202-b7a22a0d]", "source_ids": [ "src-mast-summer-seminar-report-202-b7a22a0d" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Bronze Age", "found_in": [ "src-mast-summer-seminar-report-202-b7a22a0d" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-mast-summer-seminar-report-202-b7a22a0d" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B tablets are silent about any diplomatic relationship (Snodgrass 1991:16; Olivier 1997:277; Jasink 2005:60, 67; Kelder 2012:48) because they deal with the internal administration of Mycenaean kingdoms.", "quote_source": "src-mast-summer-seminar-report-202-b7a22a0d" }, { "section_id": "introduction", "sentence": "A minority of scholars question specific aspects of Ventris's decipherment, and a few dispute whether the Mycenaeans spoke Greek at all.[^src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaeans", "found_in": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Michael Ventris deciphered them about 50 years later", "quote_source": "src-the-decoding-of-linear-b-sheds-b6c9bfd1" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Arthur Evans purchased the site of Knossos and began excavating in 1900; on March 31 of that year he found a clay bar inscribed with signs and numerals that recalled a tablet he had earlier copied at Heraklion.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1900", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Arthur Evans", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Heraklion", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "In the following years of excavation he found over 4,000 more, many in fragmentary condition.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Evans identified three distinct scripts at the site and coined the names still used today: Cretan Hieroglyphic, Linear A, and Linear B.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cretan Hieroglyphic", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear A", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Linear B was the more regular of the two linear scripts, marked by ruled lines and word dividers that Linear A lacked.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear A", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The first Linear B tablets had been discovered at Knossos on the island of Crete. Kephala Hill, as it was then known, was one of the few true 'tells' in the Greek world and preserved rich layers of inhabitation dating back to the younger stone age (7,000 BC). The archaeological significance of the site had been clear already in the late 19\nth century, its first excavator being the fatefully named ", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "When Evans died in 1941, the vast bulk of the tablets remained unpublished, responsibility passing to the recently retired John Myres, a circumstance the available record identifies as having undoubtedly delayed the possibility of decipherment.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1941", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "When Evans", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "John Myres", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "When Evans died in 1941 (believing, if we can credit Maurice Bowra's report, that Knossos had just been bombed by the Germans), the vast bulk of the tablets remained unpublished. So responsibility for this material passed to Sir John Myres, the recently retired Wykeham Professor of Ancient History at Oxford. Myres had worked with Evans on Crete as far back as the 1890s, but in his retirement lacke", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Carl Blegen began excavating the Palace of Nestor at Pylos and on the first day uncovered the palace's archive room, finding some 600 tablets that year.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Carl Blegen", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Palace", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Nestor", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "He entrusted their study to a graduate student, Emmett Bennett, who completed a study of the Linear B signs from photographs in 1947 and published a full transcription in 1951.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1947", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "year", "value": "1951", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Emmett Bennett", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The first Linear B tablets had been discovered at Knossos on the island of Crete. Kephala Hill, as it was then known, was one of the few true 'tells' in the Greek world and preserved rich layers of inhabitation dating back to the younger stone age (7,000 BC). The archaeological significance of the site had been clear already in the late 19\nth century, its first excavator being the fatefully named ", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Bennett's contribution was foundational in a precise sense: he established which variations were possible within individual signs and which truly separated two distinct signs, work without which no decipherment attempt could stand on steady feet.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The source records that Bennett carried out the first systematic classification of Linear B signs, establishing the definitive list of signs and their variant forms.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Bennett", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The script is a syllabary with 87 phonetic signs, each representing either a pure vowel or a consonant-plus-vowel combination, too many signs for an alphabet and too few for a logographic system.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "There are approximately 90 different characters, interspersed on the clay tablets with signs for numerals and depictions of everyday objects and commodities such as pots, cloth, and grain.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "The two variants were given the names Linear A and B. It was clear that Linear A was the earlier type, much rarer and restricted to the island of Crete. The younger type B was found in significantly larger numbers and found at Knossos, Mycenae and Pylos.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The clay tablets were intended only as short-term records, and those which survive are the ones baked hard in accidental fires.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "A further complication is that Linear B is not well suited to reproducing Greek, meaning each group of signs can be read in a number of different ways.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "From 1943 to 1950 she published a series of articles demonstrating that Linear B was used to spell an inflected language, one that changes word endings to express grammatical function, as Latin and Greek do.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1943", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "year", "value": "1950", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Latin", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "A University of Melbourne study that drew on extensive archival work in Kober's papers puts the matter plainly: Kober discovered grammatical paradigms in the script, and those paradigms enabled her to begin the phonetic grid that was later essential to Ventris's decipherment.[^src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "University", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "attribution" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Melbourne", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "attribution" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Alice E. Kober was an instrumental figure in the decipherment of Linear B", "quote_source": "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The same study notes that more than 70 years after her untimely death, no one had been able to describe exactly how she made that discovery, a historiographical gap the archival research sought to close.[^src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Alice E. Kober was an instrumental figure in the decipherment of Linear B", "quote_source": "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Kober died in 1950 at age 43, before the decipherment was complete.[^src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687]", "source_ids": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1950", "found_in": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "But before she could, she fell ill, suddenly, and died soon after. The cause of her death is not known for sure, but it may well have been a form of cancer. It was 1950, and she was 43.", "quote_source": "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "A essay by Theodore Nash recounts how, as a pupil at Stowe School, Ventris was given an impromptu tour by Evans himself at a display of Greek and Minoan art at Burlington House, and had to confirm something he had heard: \"Did you say the tablets haven't been deciphered, Sir?\"[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698] By eighteen he had settled on a theory that the language of the tablets should be Etruscan and published a manuscript titled \"Introducing the Minoan Language\" in the American Journal of Archaeology in December 1940.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1940", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Theodore Nash", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Stowe School", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Burlington House", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Minoan Language", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "American Journal", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Evans", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Minoan", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Sir", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Etruscan", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Introducing", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Archaeology", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "He pursued the problem for years while working as an architect, circulating his developing ideas in a series of \"Work Notes on Minoan Language Research\" to leading scholars in the field.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Work Notes", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Minoan Language Research", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "He worked largely alone on making sense of the script but circulated all his thoughts to the greatest scholars in the field in a series of \"Work Notes on Minoan Language Research\" while pursuing a career as an architect.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "On June 1, 1952, Ventris wrote his twentieth Work Note, with the title \"Are the Knossos and Pylos tablets written in Greek?\"[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698] The title's hesitancy was characteristic: as the Cambridge record notes, Ventris had originally assumed the language behind the script was not Greek, and the conclusion ran against his own prior expectations.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "On June", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Work Note", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "On July 1, 1952, he announced the decipherment in a BBC radio broadcast: \"During the last few weeks, I have come to the conclusion that the Knossos and Pylos tablets must, after all, be written in Greek.\"[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "On July", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "BBC", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The BBC News Magazine account of the decipherment describes Ventris examining repeated groups of symbols that Kober had identified as evidence of inflection and asking what if they stood for the names of towns in Crete, noting that place names are exactly the kinds of thing expected to appear repeatedly on official palace documents and that place names often do not change much even after centuries.[^src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687]", "source_ids": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "BBC News Magazine", "found_in": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" ], "via": "attribution" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Crete", "found_in": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "And in 1952, Michael Ventris did.", "quote_source": "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The Decipherment of Linear B source similarly records that Ventris assumed the sign appearing frequently at the beginning of words might represent the vowel \"a,\" consistent with a pure vowel in a consonant-plus-vowel syllabary, before building outward from there.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Decipherment", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "A newly discovered Pylos tablet contained the Greek word tripode, followed by an ideogram of a three-legged vessel and the numeral 2, a self-confirming combination that validated the reading.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Ventris published the decipherment formally in the Journal of Hellenic Studies in 1953, with John Chadwick as co-author.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1953", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Hellenic Studies", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "John Chadwick", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Journal", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "the first scholarly publication of the decipherment, which came out in the Journal of Hellenic Studies in 1953", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Chadwick, a scholar with experience in code-breaking during the war, used that background alongside his knowledge of the history of the Greek language to see that Ventris had indeed cracked the code of Linear B.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "He became the first scholar to accept the decipherment as correct.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "The decipherment was achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The two collaborated for the next four years, until Ventris's death in a car crash in 1956, weeks after the publication of their joint work, Documents in Mycenaean Greek.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1956", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Documents", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The decipherment was achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "That volume, first published in 1956, is still considered of great importance to Mycenaean scholarship.[^src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1956", "found_in": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The first edition of Documents in Mycenaean Greek (1956) was published by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick just three years after their publication of the decipherment of the Linear B writing system.", "quote_source": "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Five independent accounts frame Kober's work as foundational and instrumental: her discovery of grammatical paradigms and creation of the phonetic grid are presented as conditions without which Ventris could not have succeeded.[^src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687][^src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8][^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698][^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687", "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8", "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687", "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8", "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687", "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8", "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "And in 1952, Michael Ventris did.", "quote_source": "src-alice-kober-unsung-heroine-who-ff4ea687" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Three other accounts present Ventris as the primary or effectively sole decipherer, with Kober in a preparatory role.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f][^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Ventris was an extraordinary scholar, largely self-taught, with a phenomenal talent for languages. His first encounter with the script occurred when as a schoolboy he was shown some of the clay tablets found at Knossos by Arthur Evans. This chance meeting prompted a fascination that lasted right up until Ventris's tragic death in a car crash in 1956.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The Cambridge University research communications piece, for instance, states that Ventris had \"singlehandedly deciphered the script\" through \"a combination of sober considerations, the development of a rigorous methodology, the ingenious integration of clues of very different kinds, brilliant assumptions and patient experimentation,\" while acknowledging that he had built on earlier work, notably by Kober.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge University", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Ventris was an extraordinary scholar, largely self-taught, with a phenomenal talent for languages. His first encounter with the script occurred when as a schoolboy he was shown some of the clay tablets found at Knossos by Arthur Evans. This chance meeting prompted a fascination that lasted right up until Ventris's tragic death in a car crash in 1956.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The source traces the excavation and decipherment process, detailing how Ventris's key assumptions and the confirmation provided by the Pylos tablets drove the breakthrough, without assigning the specific label \"decipherer\" to Ventris in any clearly recoverable way.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "which was confirmed in 1953 by newly-discovered tablets from Pylos: most famously, one contained the Greek word tripode 'two tripods', followed by an ideogram of a three-legged vessel and the numeral 2.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The source records what the tablets actually were: administrative documents listing commodities, people, animals, and foodstuffs, with ideograms representing objects and numerals marking quantities.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Linear B was used primarily for record-keeping, and the surviving tablets list foodstuffs such as grain, figs, olives, olive oil, and wine; livestock including sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs; weapons such as arrows, spears, javelins, and swords; furniture; chariots; and raw materials including wool, timber, metals, and ivory.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The tablets document a stratified Mycenaean society including rulers, officials, priests, palace dependents, male and female craftworkers, warriors, herdsmen, conscripted labor, and male and female slaves.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Palace complexes controlled large surrounding territories, not only through trade and accumulation of goods but through the coordination of labor.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Cartwright notes that references to armor, chariots, and weapons manufacturing, as well as the distribution of warriors and rowers to vulnerable coastal areas, appear in almost 50% of the tablets, illustrating that the Mycenaeans were capable of defending themselves against rival civilizations.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "percent", "value": "50%", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaeans", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The Olympian gods which we associate with later Greek culture, such as Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Artemis, Ares, Hermes, and Dionysos, all appear in Mycenaean records. Interestingly, there are, too, deities which did not make it into the religion of Archaic and Classical Greece. For example, the Mycenaeans worshipped female versions of Zeus and Poseidon, called Diwia and Posidaia, respectively.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "Mycenaean palaces managed specific manufacturing industries: textiles, bronze weapons and tools, armor, pottery, chariots, glass, and perfumes.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The large archive at Pylos has allowed archaeologists to note that only a few dozen scribal hands have been identified, and it is clear that literacy was restricted to a small segment of the population.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ] }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The Olympian gods associated with later Greek culture, including Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Artemis, Ares, Hermes, and Dionysos, all appear in Mycenaean records.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Olympian", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Zeus", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Poseidon", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Hera", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Athena", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Artemis", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ares", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Hermes", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Dionysos", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "There are also deities that did not survive into the religion of Archaic and Classical Greece: the Mycenaeans worshipped female versions of Zeus and Poseidon, called Diwia and Posidaia respectively.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Classical Greece", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Archaic", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaeans", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Zeus", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Poseidon", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Diwia", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Posidaia", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The Olympian gods which we associate with later Greek culture, such as Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Artemis, Ares, Hermes, and Dionysos, all appear in Mycenaean records. Interestingly, there are, too, deities which did not make it into the religion of Archaic and Classical Greece. For example, the Mycenaeans worshipped female versions of Zeus and Poseidon, called Diwia and Posidaia, respectively.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The tablets show that gods were honored with banquets and offerings made at shrines and sanctuaries, that the Mycenaeans had a religious calendar with specific named festivals, and that the Mycenaean priesthood, which included roles for both men and women, had a distinct hierarchy.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaeans", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The decipherment extended knowledge of the Greek language by about 500 years, reaching back into the second millennium BC and to the end of the Bronze Age at about 1200 BC, as the Cambridge conference organizer described it.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Bronze Age", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "BC", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Then, on 1 June 1952, he sent around his Work Note 20 entitled, with typical modesty, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos tablets written in Greek?\". Building on earlier work, notably by the American scholar Alice Kober, he had - through a combination of sober considerations, the development of a rigorous methodology, the ingenious integration of clues of very different kinds, brilliant assumptions and pat", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The Mycenaean spoken language is regarded as a dialect of later Greek, with particular similarities to Classical Arcadian and Cypriot.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Classical Arcadian", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cypriot", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "There is no connection between Linear B and the Greek alphabet that Archaic Greeks borrowed from the Phoenicians.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Archaic Greeks", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Phoenicians", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "evidence", "sentence": "The BMCR reviewer of The New Documents in Mycenaean Greek characterizes the tablets as providing evidence for reconstructing \"the activities and interests of the Mycenaean palaces,\" and the volume's four chapters on Mycenaean geography, economy, society, political systems, and religion represent the actual scope of what the texts support.[^src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "BMCR", "found_in": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "via": "attribution" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "New Documents", "found_in": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The first edition of Documents in Mycenaean Greek (1956) was published by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick just three years after their publication of the decipherment of the Linear B writing system.", "quote_source": "src-the-new-documents-in-mycenaean-37487f65" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5] [^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698] [^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5", "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "A Greek businessman and antiquarian, Minos Kalokairinos, conducted excavations at the site in 1878; he was probably the first modern excavator to discover a Linear B tablet", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "The Melbourne archival study, accessing Kober's own papers, describes her as \"an instrumental figure\" whose discovery of grammatical paradigms \"enabled her to begin the phonetic grid that was later so essential to Ventris's decipherment.\" [^src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8] [^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8", "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Melbourne", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "attribution" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8", "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Alice E. Kober was an instrumental figure in the decipherment of Linear B", "quote_source": "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6] The Cambridge anniversary press release, while acknowledging Kober's earlier work, states that Ventris \"singlehandedly deciphered the script.\" [^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f] A third account in a biographical encyclopedia frames Ventris as the primary decipherer without substantial engagement with the grid methodology Kober produced.", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The decipherment was achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-britannica-com-biography-micha-5bbc5707]", "source_ids": [ "src-britannica-com-biography-micha-5bbc5707" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "was an English architect and cryptographer who in 1952 deciphered the Minoan Linear B script", "quote_source": "src-britannica-com-biography-micha-5bbc5707" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "This archival study is explicitly corrective, aiming to restore a more complete picture of Kober's contributions to the decipherment.[^src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Alice E. Kober was an instrumental figure in the decipherment of Linear B", "quote_source": "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "The Cambridge anniversary press release credits him with providing \"professional support,\" helping \"develop Ventris's original decipherment,\" and elucidating \"the historical linguistic background.\" [^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f] The Cambridge introduction records that Chadwick \"was the first scholar to accept the decipherment as correct\" and that the two collaborated for four years until Ventris's death in 1956.", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1956", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Chadwick", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Ventris was an extraordinary scholar, largely self-taught, with a phenomenal talent for languages. His first encounter with the script occurred when as a schoolboy he was shown some of the clay tablets found at Knossos by Arthur Evans. This chance meeting prompted a fascination that lasted right up until Ventris's tragic death in a car crash in 1956.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6] But none of the available sources documents what methodological innovations, if any, Chadwick contributed independently to the decipherment process itself, as distinct from his role in validating and publishing results.", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Chadwick", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Chadwick was the first scholar to accept the decipherment as correct", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "Bennett established which sign variations were possible within individual signs and which truly separated two distinct signs; Nash notes that without this work, \"no attempt at decipherment could stand on steady feet.\" [^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698] Blegen's excavation at Pylos in 1939 also proved decisive, with Bennett going on to study the tablets found there and publish a full transcription in 1951.", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1939", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "year", "value": "1951", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Nash", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Blegen", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Bennett", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5] The decipherment Ventris announced in 1952 rested on a framework built by people whose names have remained, as Nash writes, \"most overlooked in popular accounts.\" [^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5", "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5", "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5", "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Nash", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Chadwick's experiences of code-breaking during World War II, no less than his knowledge of the history of the Greek language, enabled him to see that Ventris had indeed 'cracked the code' of Linear B.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-f41786e5" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8] The Cambridge anniversary press release quotes the conference organizer observing that legendary sites \"could be placed in a real setting through the clay tablets that record their administrative and political organisation.\" [^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f] The accent, again, falls on *administrative*.", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8", "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Lacking the necessary background in Greek philology and linguistics, in July 1952 he turned to John Chadwick, a newly-appointed lecturer in classics at the University of Cambridge, for professional support. Chadwick was an outstanding classical scholar who had worked on code-cracking in the Second World War. He helped to develop Ventris's original decipherment and was able to elucidate the histori", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8] The archive at Pylos, one of the two main tablet sites, has allowed archaeologists to identify only a few dozen scribal hands, suggesting literacy was confined to a narrow segment of the population.", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ] }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8] The tablets themselves are products of a specialist scribal class serving palace interests; non-elite populations \u2014 farmers, craftspeople, slaves \u2014 appear in the records only as objects of administration, never as subjects with their own perspectives.", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-heraklionmuseum-gr-en-exhibit--756a411f] It is a roster.", "source_ids": [ "src-heraklionmuseum-gr-en-exhibit--756a411f" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "The script is essentially syllabic, meaning that each sign represents a syllable.", "quote_source": "src-heraklionmuseum-gr-en-exhibit--756a411f" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "Judson's monograph notes that Ventris had assigned sound-values to only around two-thirds of the Linear B signs at the time of his 1952 broadcast, and that nearly one-sixth of the signs remain undeciphered, with sound-values \"uncertain or entirely unknown.\" [^src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c] The Cambridge press release confirms that many parts of the Mycenaean world remain uncertain, including the relationships of the various sites with one another.", "source_ids": [ "src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "At the time of his broadcast, Ventris had actually assigned sound-values to only around two-thirds of the Linear B signs; almost seventy years later, and despite many attempts at establishing their sound-values, nearly one-sixth of the signs are still undeciphered, their sound-values remaining uncertain or entirely unknown.", "quote_source": "src-assets-cambridge-org-97811084--ccd78d8c" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f] Cartwright notes a further caveat: Linear B \"is not suitable for giving satisfactory reproduction of the Greek language, and consequently each group of signs, i.e. each word, can be read in a number of different ways.\" [^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f", "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f", "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f", "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Then, on 1 June 1952, he sent around his Work Note 20 entitled, with typical modesty, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos tablets written in Greek?\". Building on earlier work, notably by the American scholar Alice Kober, he had - through a combination of sober considerations, the development of a rigorous methodology, the ingenious integration of clues of very different kinds, brilliant assumptions and pat", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "disagreements", "sentence": "[^src-mr-ventris-decipherment-of-the-ae464000] Whether those specific challenges were accepted or refuted by later scholarship is not resolvable from the available record.", "source_ids": [ "src-mr-ventris-decipherment-of-the-ae464000" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "These amount to a third of the list, and are sufficient to discredit the rest.", "quote_source": "src-mr-ventris-decipherment-of-the-ae464000" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Linear B was a syllabic script used to write Mycenaean Greek, and Ventris's identification of that fact in 1952 pushed the earliest known examples of written Greek back more than three thousand years.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The decipherment was achieved in 1952 by a young British architect, Michael Ventris.", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The decipherment was, as one Cambridge assessment puts it, of fundamental importance for Aegean archaeology and Indo-European linguistics alike.[^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Aegean", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Indo", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "European", "found_in": [ "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "making Greek the oldest known European language that is still spoken today", "quote_source": "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Britannica attributes the breakthrough to statistical analysis as the primary tool, while five independent accounts emphasize instead that Ventris's decisive insight was the recognition of repeated sign-groups as place names, particularly the identification of Knossos.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The Cambridge record of Ventris's own process shows him writing to Myres as early as February 1952 about possible readings of place names in the Knossos tablets, while still believing the underlying language was Etruscan.[^src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Myres", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Etruscan", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Michael Ventris was born on 12 July 1922 to an Indian Army officer and the daughter of a wealthy Polish landowner.", "quote_source": "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The breakthrough was the recognition, astonishing to Ventris himself, that the language was Greek.[^src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Michael Ventris was born on 12 July 1922 to an Indian Army officer and the daughter of a wealthy Polish landowner.", "quote_source": "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The question of procedural priority between them cannot be settled from the available evidence, but the convergence of both lines on the same conclusion \u2014 archaic Greek \u2014 strengthens confidence in the decipherment's correctness regardless of which method was primary.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698][^src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Five independent accounts frame Kober's grammatical discovery \u2014 her identification of inflectional paradigms and creation of the phonetic grid \u2014 as foundational to what Ventris later accomplished.[^src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Alice E. Kober was an instrumental figure in the decipherment of Linear B", "quote_source": "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "That phonetic grid, the Melbourne archival study suggests, was later so essential to Ventris's decipherment that describing Kober's role as merely preparatory misrepresents the dependency.[^src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Melbourne", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "attribution" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Alice E. Kober was an instrumental figure in the decipherment of Linear B", "quote_source": "src-deciphering-kober-s-contributi-901faaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Three accounts, weighted toward Ventris, present him as the primary or sole decipherer, with Kober's contributions as valuable groundwork rather than essential scaffolding.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698][^src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ventris", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698", "src-the-decipherment-of-linear-b-i-1b56def6" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Theodore Nash\nJune 1, 1952, was Whitsunday, and provided the young Michael Ventris with a convenient break from his duties as an architect. At the end of the day he would write his 20\nth Work Note on Minoan Language Research, with the somewhat disbelieving title, \"Are the Knossos and Pylos Tablets Written in Greek?\"", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The essay praises Kober's work warmly, noting that her articles from 1943 to 1950 demonstrated Linear B was used to spell an inflected language, but frames her as a tragic precursor to the decipherment rather than a co-architect.[^src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1943", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "year", "value": "1950", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Kober", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The first Linear B tablets had been discovered at Knossos on the island of Crete. Kephala Hill, as it was then known, was one of the few true 'tells' in the Greek world and preserved rich layers of inhabitation dating back to the younger stone age (7,000 BC). The archaeological significance of the site had been clear already in the late 19\nth century, its first excavator being the fatefully named ", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-of-linear-b-dec91698" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Chadwick provided the philological expertise and, beginning in July 1952 after hearing the BBC broadcast, the formal linguistic validation.[^src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "year", "value": "1952", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "BBC", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "He took the opportunity to announce his decipherment and it was broadcast to the world on 1 July 1952.", "quote_source": "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "His willingness to abandon a two-decade conviction about Etruscan and follow the evidence to Greek was itself a form of intellectual courage the record documents.[^src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c]", "source_ids": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Etruscan", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "soon published his first article on the subject, arguing that the language of Linear B was likely to be related to Etruscan, a pre-Roman language of Italy: this came out in the American Journal of Archaeology in 1940, when Ventris was just 18.", "quote_source": "src-the-life-of-michael-ventris-7efb272c" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The Linear B corpus is a palace accounting system, not an epic.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Foodstuffs, livestock, weapons inventories, raw materials, land grants, labor allocation, manufacturing outputs: these are the categories the scribes tracked.[^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2]", "source_ids": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear A script is composed of at least 90 characters, which can be grouped into syllabic signs, ideograms, and symbols which denote numbers and fractions. In addition, monograms were made from the clustering of two or three symbols.", "quote_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The tablets reveal that Mycenaean palaces managed specific manufacturing industries \u2014 textiles, bronze weapons and tools, armor, pottery, chariots, glass, perfumes \u2014 and coordinated the distribution of warriors and rowers to vulnerable coastal areas.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Nearly half of surviving tablets concern military matters in this logistical sense, not narrative sense.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Enriches it, because the tablets confirm that the places Homer names \u2014 Knossos, Pylos, Mycenae \u2014 were real centers of complex administrative and political organization, and that figures like Nestor and Agamemnon inhabited sites whose bureaucratic scale the tablets now document.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Homer", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Knossos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenae", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Nestor", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Agamemnon", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The two variants were given the names Linear A and B. It was clear that Linear A was the earlier type, much rarer and restricted to the island of Crete. The younger type B was found in significantly larger numbers and found at Knossos, Mycenae and Pylos.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "A stratified social order appears in the records: rulers, officials, priests, palace dependents, male and female craftworkers, warriors, herdsmen, conscripted laborers, and slaves.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The tablets show palace complexes controlling large surrounding territories through the coordination of goods and labor.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The Olympian gods familiar from later Greek culture \u2014 Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Artemis, Ares, Hermes, Dionysos \u2014 appear in the Mycenaean records.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Olympian", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Zeus", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Poseidon", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Hera", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Athena", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Artemis", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Ares", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Hermes", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Dionysos", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "But so do deities who did not survive into later Greek religion: female counterparts of Zeus and Poseidon, called Diwia and Posidaia, appear in the tablets.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Zeus", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Poseidon", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Diwia", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Posidaia", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Literacy, the Pylos evidence suggests, was restricted to a small segment of the population, with only a few dozen scribal hands identified at that site.[^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2]", "source_ids": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Pylos", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "The large cache of Linear B script tablets at Pylos has allowed archaeologists to note that \"only a few dozen scribal hands have been identified, and it is clear that literacy was restricted to a small segment of the population\"", "quote_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "They were short-term administrative documents, and those that survive do so only because fires accidentally baked the clay hard.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "attributed", "specifics": [], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Even at the major site of Mycenae, only around 70 Linear B clay tablets have been excavated.[^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2]", "source_ids": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "entailment_class": "verbatim", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenae", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "verbatim_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2", "verbatim_span": [ 4580, 4673 ], "quote": "Even at the major site of\nMycenae\n, only around 70 Linear B clay tablets have been excavated.", "quote_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Whether their model of centralized palace administration applies equally to all Mycenaean polities, or whether more decentralized or federated structures existed at sites less thoroughly excavated, is a question the available record cannot settle.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Many parts of the jigsaw that is the Mycenaean world are still missing \u2013 for example the relationships of the various sites with one another.", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The Cambridge conference summary noted this plainly sixty years after the decipherment: many parts of the Mycenaean picture remain missing, including the relationships between the various sites.[^src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f]", "source_ids": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Cambridge", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Mycenaean", "found_in": [ "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Lacking the necessary background in Greek philology and linguistics, in July 1952 he turned to John Chadwick, a newly-appointed lecturer in classics at the University of Cambridge, for professional support. Chadwick was an outstanding classical scholar who had worked on code-cracking in the Second World War. He helped to develop Ventris's original decipherment and was able to elucidate the histori", "quote_source": "src-cracking-the-code-the-decipher-771cd45f" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The script is not well suited to reproducing Greek with full clarity, and the syllabic system itself introduces interpretive latitude even in passages intended to be straightforward.[^src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8]", "source_ids": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Greek", "found_in": [ "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear B script was the writing system of the Mycenaean civilization of the Bronze Age Mediterranean. The syllabic script was used to write Mycenaean Greek from c. 1500 to c. 1200 BCE.", "quote_source": "src-ancient-mycenaean-civilization-258eaaa8" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "Around 70% of Linear A symbols reappear in Linear B, suggesting cultural continuity in the adoption of writing.[^src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2]", "source_ids": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "percent", "value": "70%", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear A", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" ], "via": "evidence" } ], "quote": "Linear A script is composed of at least 90 characters, which can be grouped into syllabic signs, ideograms, and symbols which denote numbers and fractions. In addition, monograms were made from the clustering of two or three symbols.", "quote_source": "src-linear-b-script-world-history--3caaadb2" }, { "section_id": "analysis", "sentence": "The examination of Linear A signs without certain Linear B correspondences represents one scholarly approach to this gap, though the available evidence confirms only the existence of such unmatched signs \u2014 not any resolution of what they mean or the language they record.[^src-appendix-mycenaean-tablets-in--fa35fd16]", "source_ids": [ "src-appendix-mycenaean-tablets-in--fa35fd16" ], "entailment_class": "grounded", "specifics": [ { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear A", "found_in": [ "src-appendix-mycenaean-tablets-in--fa35fd16" ], "via": "evidence" }, { "kind": "entity", "value": "Linear B", "found_in": [ "src-appendix-mycenaean-tablets-in--fa35fd16" ], "via": "evidence" } ] } ] }